On July 5, 1687, Sir Isaac Newton published his masterpiece, the “Principia.” Written in Latin (as was the standard for such works at the time), the book changed the world. In it, Newton introduced his now famous three laws of motion. But the book also laid out Newton’s law of universal gravitation, and this helped him to mathematically derive Johannes Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. Proofs in the book were based on calculus, a mathematical tool that Newton had invented to prove his theories. The book was controversial at first, but eventually the global scientific community embraced it, and Newton’s theories completely dominated physics for over 200 years.